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EUROIMMUN cell-based assay (cba
Cell Based Assay (Cba, supplied by EUROIMMUN, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/cell-based+assay+(cba/cell+based+assay/nct06388161-5-2-4
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
cell-based assay (cba - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
90/100 stars

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Cell Based Assay:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Crocin Bleaching Assay:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Clinical Proteomics:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Staining:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Cell Counting:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Diagnostic Assay:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

Activity Assay:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.

RIA Assay:

Article Title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in China
Article Snippet: In reference to the diagnostic criteria suggested by Graus et al. in 2016 ( ) and Chinese expert consensus of AE (2017 edition) , patients were included in this study based on the following criteria: (1) acute or subacute onset (<3 months) of one or more of the following symptoms: a. symptoms of the limbic system: psychiatric symptoms, memory deficit, seizure; b. encephalitis syndrome: clinical manifestations of diffuse or multifocal brain damage; c. clinical manifestations of basal ganglia and/or diencephalon/hypothalamus involvement; d. psychiatric disorder that does not qualify as a non-organic disease by a psychologist; (2) with or without CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) pleocytosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of encephalitis, or electroencephalogram (EEG) with epileptic or slow-wave activity; (3) CSF and blood serum antibody testing positive for anti-NMDAR antibodies based on a cell-based assay (CBA)(Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany); CSF and/or blood serum antibody testing positive for other neuronal surface antibodies (CBA): patients with positive antibodies only in the serum need to have typical clinical symptoms and/or high antibody titers (>1:32); and (4) reasonable exclusion of alternative causes.

Article Title: CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in NMDAR and LGI1 Encephalitis: A National Cohort Study.
Article Snippet: Antibody positivity was reported qualitatively as weakly (+), moderately (++) and strongly positive (+++) and based on a commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany).

Article Title: Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges
Article Snippet: A standard commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany), testing for autoantibodies against NMDAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 1 + 2 (AMPAR 1 + 2), Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), γ -aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR), and Leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 (LGI1) was used.

Article Title: Mortality of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Chinese population
Article Snippet: We collected the following information and entered it into our NMOSD database: demographics, age at onset, disease duration, phenotype at onset, number of relapses, time to the second attack, number of severe attacks, annualized relapse rate (ARR, the number of attacks per patient‐year), AQP4‐Ab, and MOG‐Ab serostatus (cell‐based assay, CBA) (EUROIMMUN AG, Lubeck, Germany), , lesions on spinal MRI, therapeutic regimens (agents, maintenance time, and dosages), and coexisting autoimmune disorders (including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, and so on).

Article Title: The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy
Article Snippet: A radioimmunoassay (RIA) (RSR Ltd., Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) and cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) were also performed when available.

Article Title: Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy
Article Snippet: Antibodies were detected in serum and/or in CSF using commercial cell-based assay (CBA, Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany), and when in doubt by in-house CBA as well.

Article Title: Case Report: Overlapping Syndrome of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and MOG Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease in a Patient With Human Herpesviruses 7 Infection
Article Snippet: Upon search for anti-neural antibodies (to anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, anti-CASPR2, anti-AMPAR, anti-GABABR, anti-DPPX, and anti-mGLuR5), NMDAR antibodies (1:10) were found positive in the patient’s CSF by cell-based assay (CBA) (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) ( ).

Article Title: Case report: Isolated brainstem-cerebellar symptoms in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
Article Snippet: Additionally, the presence of a positive CSF antibody against NMDAR (cell-based assay, CBA, EUROIMMUN product) was noted, while serum antibody against NMDAR was negative.



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